Magnetic Sensor ICs Offer Integrated Diagnostics for ASIL Compliance
Magnetic Sensor ICs Offer Integrated Diagnostics for ASIL Compliance
作者:Gary Pepka,A雷竞技竞猜下载llegro MicroSystems,LLC
Abstract
当前的智能车辆控制革命rol systems relies substantially on the rapidly developing physical detection technology called magnetic sensor integrated circuits (ICs). The complexity, reliability, flexibility, and functionality of these non-contacting, magnetic sensor ICs have all but dispelled the need for electromechanical switches in just about every application in latest generation automobiles. Yet, accompanying this increase in usage of complex electronic devices, is a heightened concern over difficult-todetect, system-level risks. This, in turn, has led the automotive industry to focus on automotive functional safety. The ISO 26262 functional safety standard outlines a development process including predictive analysis to minimize risk. This process, in turn, requires advanced diagnostics capabilities integrated directly into magnetic sensor IC systems. An examination is made of a new type of magnetic sensor IC that implements integrated diagnostics, using an innovative embedded solid state coil for end to end system test.
概要
打开任何最近模型汽车的门,您立即被一个不可见的电子传感器网络包围。它们检测座椅带弯曲,窗户或天窗夹紧,换档器位置,发动机传输转速和方向,以及凸轮轴位置,只有几种应用。雷竞技最新网址通过各种类型的非接触磁力检测器的开发(即霍尔效应,巨磁阻(GMR),各向异性电阻(AMR))进行雷竞技最新网址了实际时间对这些应用的渗透。除了具有非常小的形状因素外,这些最先进的,固态,半导体IC是具有成本效益,功率高,不接触的,并在车辆发动机的最严苛环境中收集普遍存在的数据流微妙的响应车辆条件的最轻微的变化。
这些检测系统提供了先进水平的计算复杂度,提供了高度的输出排列。这对按照ISO 26262实现功能安全提出了挑战,因为设备状态的复杂性和几乎无限多样的车辆运行条件的结合使得所有的使用场景和故障模式不可能通过设计预期或在测试程序中发现。考虑到可能需要几乎瞬时的响应来保护乘客和保护车辆,这些巧妙的检测系统必须能够在功能不正常时进行自我诊断,甚至常常能够自我纠正。
传统的解决方案使用的机电开关具有有限的运行状态(运行或不运行),因此故障检测非常简单。焊接簧片开关触点存在短路。断开的开关弹簧防止输出状态改变。系统级故障很难预料。预防性维护通常基于一般的平均故障时间(MTTF)数据,切换设计为适应所有合理情况而无需调整。
图1:磁霍尔效应传感器集成电路提供紧凑的数据收集在有限的位置,如换档器和安全带扣
ICs can provide suboptimal outputs, so automotive use requires additional safety measures to avoid unreasonable residual risk according to Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL), ISO 26262. ASIL assigns safety goals, rather than characterizing entire systems or components. The rigorous ASIL level D requires manufacturers follow strict development guidelines, including Failure Modes Effects and Diagnostics Analysis (FMEDA) to quantify even very low risks of failures. These complexities require comprehensive diagnostics to ensure detection of system level failures and enable safe (limp home) modes.
安全关键应用中的冗余雷竞技最新网址
对于安全关键功能,一个可行的选择是系统中的冗余。机电设计通常是笨重的和在线的,因此它们不能容纳故障转移冗余,在这里替代控制可以在线。基于磁性的控制系统通过允许就地自动交换控制电路来适应故障转移冗余,因为磁性传感器IC不需要与被检测的机械目标或电路接触或直接电气连接。
冗余有多种形式。系统可以包括一对非接触的磁传感器IC,彼此靠近邻近。每个传感器IC都有自己的电源,接地和输出,因此如果失败,则另一个在诊断检测到失败后接管。可以使用互补的传感器IC来通知控制器,即它的队列当它应该时不会切换。此外,有能够自诊断的传感器IC,能够在没有额外的传感器IC的帮助下运行时通知控制器。
在电子磁传感器IC中启用诊断
磁传感器IC可能需要监控,以确保设备本身正常工作,并确保在磁场变化的适当时间发生切换。
One approach is to supply a single self-diagnosing sensor IC, which can be less costly, requires less PCB space, and is easier to manufacture in the application than two complementary sensor ICs. This solution also assists design engineers with meeting their targeted functional safety requirements, by addressing the complexity of determining proper electrical performance and magnetic switching.
A recent advancement in self-diagnostics, in particular with the phase involving applied magnetic field analysis, is the use of embedded detector coils on magnetic sensor IC chips. An example is shown in Figure 2, where Hall elements are surrounded by an embedded coil in the雷竞技竞猜下载Allegro Microsystems A1160 UniPolar Hall效果开关. This provides a cost effective and space saving solution, eliminating the need for external magnetic field conditioning structures to concentrate and guide the ambient magnetic field.图2:磁场波动检测
The detection of magnetic field fluctuations is enhanced by an innovative coil structure that surrounds the Hall elements in the Allegro MicroSystems A1160. The coil and Hall elements are embedded in the IC substrate.
该器件遵循典型的单极霍尔效应开关行为:当嵌入的霍尔元件感测到足够强度的垂直南极磁场穿过内部比较器开关点时,器件输出打开。该设备的独特之处在于,芯片上的线圈嵌入到集成电路的硅中。线圈环绕着霍尔元件。当被称为诊断启用引脚的逻辑I/O引脚拉高时,设备通过线圈传递10毫安的电流。通电线圈产生一个磁场,由于线圈与霍尔元件非常接近,该磁场足以打开设备并评估设备(包括传感元件)的整个信号路径。当诊断启用引脚为高电平时,设备输出脉冲宽度(PW)信号。如果PW信号有50%的占空比,则认为设备正常工作。如果PW信号有0%或100%的占空比,则认为设备工作不正常(见图3)。
图3:Allegro Microsystems中的自诊断A1160雷竞技竞猜下载
当诊断使能引脚拉高时,设备输出诊断信号。50%的占空比表明正常运行。
To enable self-calibration for these diagnostics, the number of coil turns is fixed and the amount of current is regulated .Therefore, the amount of field generated by the coil is precisely repeatable and if the diagnostic magnetic field changes for some reason (i.e. due to time or stress), the diagnostic mode can detect it. The comparator is the same for both diagnostic mode and normal operation, and what changes is the offset (mV) between diagnostic mode and normal operation (see Figure 4). As a result, when the device is in diagnostics mode, the operation of the diagnostics signal from the regulator to the energized coil and all the way to the output provides an end-to-end test of the full signal path (see Figure 4).
Figure 4: Matched Comparators
Matched comparators ensure self-diagnostics mode validates normal mode operation in the Allegro MicroSystems A1160.
为了防止移位外部磁场的偶然效果,这种特定的集成线圈概念通过感测元件提供了差异感测的线圈的额外益处。这意味着即使该设备在正常操作模式下,即使设备在存在足够强度的外部磁场的外部磁场存在下,也可以使用诊断功能。另外,由于在诊断模式期间重新配置感测元件,以对差分敏感,因此任何外部字段都被直接拒绝在感测元件处。
Additional Applications Being Discovered
这种开创性的设备设计提供了响应ECU轮询信号的模式诊断,正在开发的设备也在启动时运行诊断。A1160的典型应用电路如图5所示,各种输出选项(2线或3线)正在开发中,具有位置、行程、速度和方向变化的传感技术。最初是为了增强实现汽车市场功能安全要求的能力,应用是无限的,包括工业自动化和白色家电。雷竞技最新网址
图5:实现磁感测IC解决方案的典型应用.
概要
汽车、工业和商业市场对提高可靠性和功能的不断发展的需求将继续推动对电子内容的需求,包括具有诊断功能的非接触式磁传感器IC。创新的Allegro诊断开关及其集成线圈为设计工程师提供了一个独特、经济高效和用户友好的解决方案,以满足几乎任何安全要求。
本文档中包含的信息不构成关于本文件主题的Allegro向客户提供的任何代表性,保证,保证,担保或诱导。所提供的信息并不能保证基于此信息的过程是可靠的,或者Allegro探讨了所有可能的失败模式。客户有责任对最终产品进行充分的资格测试,以确保它是可靠的,满足所有设计要求。
最初发表于2014年2月的设计新闻,版权所有©2014 UBM电子产品。用许可转载。
Portions not copyrighted by UBM Electronics, Copyright ©2014 Allegro MicroSystems, LLC. All rights reserved.